Archive for April, 2010

The region above earth


April 30th, 2010    by Landon

The region above earth is, in a way, becoming a dump. Scientists estimate that 10,000 to 15,000 large pieces of. Junk are orbiting our planet. The space junk includes burned-out rocket engines, old fuel tanks, satellites that have stopped working, and parts of exploded rockets. Most pieces hurtle along at about 6 miles a second, (9.5km/s).

Space trash has already fallen to earth. Most of it has landed in the oceans or on open land, away from the cities. Scientists are working on various ways to clean up the litter while it is still orbiting in space. One suggestion: a satellite that would function as a trash "truck". A space shuttle would carry it into orbit. There, the satellite would track trash and collect it with robot arms. The shuttle would then bring the satellite — and its trash — back to earth.

Where space trash might land is only one problem. Scientists worry more about a greater danger: collisions in orbit between spacecraft and trash. Cleaning up space trash would make space travel safer for satellites — and for astronauts.

On July 20, 1969, two American astronauts planted the first human footsteps on the moon. The man who took the first step was Neil A. Armstrong, the 38- year-old civilian commander of the Apollo 11. As he reached the bottom of the landing craft's ladder and extended his booted left foot to touch the moon's powdery surface, he said: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.

He was followed down the ladder minutes later by Edwin B. Aldrin, , a 39-year-old Air Force colonel. For 2 hours and 21 minutes, the two men wandered about on the barren, rock-strewn moon surface. They tested their ability to move about on this strange world. They took photographs of the landscapes. They set up scientific experiments and collected rock and soil samples. They set up a television camera so the whole world could watch. All the while, the third member of the crew, Michael Collins, 38 , an Air Force lieutenant colonel , piloted the Command Ship in lunar orbit 70 miles above the surface, waiting for the two explorers to rejoin him for the trip back to earth. Altogether, the visit to the moon lasted 21 hours and 37 minutes. Through television and radio, hundreds of millions of people followed the activities aboard Columbia, the Command Ship, and Eagle, the landing craft.

Though the mission was completed almost without flaw, it was filled with suspense and anxiety. The astronauts faced risks on the moon never before met by man. And, as with all space flights, chances of failure and disaster were ever present. An error or failure of any of the millions or individual parts anywhere along the way could have ended the mission short of the goal. An equipment failure or accident on the moon could have left the astronauts stranded.

But they made it. After eight days in space, they splashed down in the Pacific to a presidential greeting aboard the recovery carrier, the U. S. A hornet. They were the heroes of the nation and the world. It was a journey that took man beyond the earth to walk on another world.

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Major Measures in 1999


April 29th, 2010    by Landon

In the work for agriculture and the rural economy in 1999, efforts will be made to stabilize basic rural policies, deepen rural reform, promote technological advancement, readjust and optimize agricultural structure, fully develop rural economy and improve rural economic benefits while focusing on ensuring farm product supply and increasing farmers' income.

The main targets are: to produce over 490 million tons of grain and 3.5 million tons of cotton; to ensure steady increase in the production of meat, fishery products and other farm products; to boost the development of township enterprises; and to ensure that farmers' per capita net income increase by around 4 percent and rural poor population decrease by over 10 million. To reach these goals, the following measures will be taken:

1. Maintaining 'basic policies and deepening rural

This includes four aspects: first, keeping the rural land contract system unchanged; secondly, effectively lightening farmers' burden; thirdly, strictly carrying out the purchasing and marketing policies for grain and cotton and actively pushing forward the reform of the grain and cotton distribution system; and fourthly, strengthening the development of market network for agricultural products and rural service system.

2. Readjusting and optimizing the agricultural structure and improving the quality of agricultural products.

On the basis of stabilizing grain production, efforts should be made to readjust and optimize the variety and quality of grain crops and speed up the development of fine-quality rice, wheat for processing and quality-protein corn in order to satisfy different uses as human food, animal feed and processing raw material. Those unsellable varieties should be eliminated without delay. Cotton production structure should be further readjusted with more emphasis on the improvement of per-unit yield and cotton quality. The development of famous, special and high-quality products should be highlighted while the product of other crops should be optimized. Attention will be given to livestock production in pastoral areas and husbandry with animals fed by crop stalks in farming areas. Efforts should be made to increase the; share of grass-eating and grain-saving livestock and poultry production. The development of aquaculture should be accelerated and deep-sea fishing further expanded.

3. Boosting township enterprises and improving their economic strength and benefits.

All provinces should actively readjust and optimize their township enterprise structure to develop leading industries and products, intensify technical renovation, improve scientific and technological content of products, create famous brand products and sharpen market competitiveness. Township enterprises should be guided to develop on an adjoining land and actively take part in small town development and promote the development of construction and building materials sectors, as well as the tertiary industry. Township enterprises should also be encouraged to open new export markets, expand export channels and readjust and optimize the export product mix. They are urged to reorganize their production factors through diversified reform measures such as contracting, leasing, auction, consolidation, merging, shareholding, joint stock partnership and bankruptcy in order to facilitate capital flow and optimal combination and promote institutional innovation.

4. Strengthening development of agricultural infrastructure and ecological

environment for sustainable agricultural progress.

Great efforts should be made to strengthen farmland capital construction and agricultural commercial production base construction by giving priority to improving farmland drainage and irrigation facilities, the fine seeds breeding system and agricultural technology extension network. Water saving farming and dry crop farming should be actively developed in order to improve water use efficiency and enlarge effective irrigated acreage. Effective measures must be. taken to protect farmland, grassland and water resources and improve the agricultural ecological environment. In addition, importance should be attached to building grass hills and slops in the south and grassland in the pastoral areas in the north, and to reverse grassland degradation, desertification and sanitization, increase forest coverage and soil erosion under control. Felling trees to make farmland as well as reclaiming land from lakes are strictly forbidden and over-exploited land must be brought back to forestry, livestock production and lakes in a planned way.

5. Carrying out the strategy of developing agriculture through scientific progress and education and promoting an agricultural technical revolution.

Plans will be made to set up and improve a number of national innovation centers of agricultural science and technology mobilizing all human, physical and financial resources, with the aim of raising innovative capacity in the field of high and new technologies, such as biological engineering and information technology. Efforts will be made to introduce foreign advanced, applicable new technologies and improve the capacity to absorb and use them. Advanced farming techniques related to improved seeds, water-saving dry farming, standardized cultivation, crop pest management, high-efficiency animal farming and aquaculture, and animal and poultry disease control should be widely spread. The agricultural technology extension network must be reinforced and various farmers' technical associations and specialized service organizations be encouraged. Training on applicable techniques must be strengthened to improve farmers' ability to absorb new techniques.

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Elderly taste bittersweet love


April 28th, 2010    by Landon

When Lao Wang, a 68-year-old retired textile worker in Chongqing, a city in Southwest China, decided last year to cohabit with his friend—a retired teacher of 66—he knew this was the only way they could live together, and happily.

They decided not to get married officially.

All of their grown-up children strongly opposed the marriage for fear it would lead to new competition for the couple' s possessions after they pass away.

The elderly pair did not want the hassle of carrying out China's required marriage process, involving them producing certified letters from their formal employers, enduring a compulsory medical check-up and complicated form from the civil affairs office.

"I cannot put up with all this mess," said Wang, "so we have decided to live together just like some young lovers do today.

A growing number of senior citizens are sharing the same marriage problems as Wang.

On the one hand, they desire a marriage to escape the life of widows and widowers. On the other hand, they have to bear heavy pressures from their families, neighbors and the formalities which, in the end, can crush their aspiration to tie the knot.

"I think cohabitation can be a practical way to solve the problem, as China is not advanced enough to provide all the services for the care of the elderly," said Xuan Zhaokai, a professor of ethics in.

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Recollecting


April 27th, 2010    by Landon

People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so. Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned. Those who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors associations with the past of what can only be described as clutter. They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that they may one day need just those very things. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throw in away, and sentiment. Things owned for a long time are full of associations with the past, perhaps wide relatives who are dead, and so they gradually acquire a value beyond their true worth.

Some things are collected deliberately in the home in an attempt to avoid waste. Among these I would list string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel has been opened, to save buying these two requisites. Collecting small items can easily become a mania. I know someone who always cuts sketches o« from newspapers of model clothes that she would like to buy if she had the money. As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote; but she is never sufficiently strong minded to be able to stop the practice. It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk to such an extent the every time she opens it, loose bits of paper fall out in every direction.

Collecting as a serious hobby is quite different and has many advantages. It provides relaxation leisure hours, as just looking at one's treasures is always a joy. One does not have to go outside for amusement, since the collection is housed at home. Whatever it consists of, stamps, records, first editions of boor china, glass, antique furniture,. pictures, model cars, stuffed birds, toy animals, there is always something! do in connection with it, from finding the right place for the latest addition, to verifying facts in referent books. This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it. There are also other benefits. One wants to meet like-minded collectors, to get advice, I compare notes, to exchange articles, to show off the latest find. So one's circle of friends grows. Soon t hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a raj specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country. Over the years, one may well become S authority on one's hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and the if successful, to larger audiences.

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Your Work Is Recognized


April 26th, 2010    by Landon

It all began in Everett, Washington, where my project team was in the process of implementing one of our business systems. One morning, as I walked through the parking lot with one of my employees, 1 found a penny and picked it up. Playfully, I presented the penny to the employee and said, "This is a discretionary award for your efforts." He put the penny in his pocket. "Thank you," he said.

About six months later, I was walking with the same employee, this time in Los Alamitos, California, when I again found a penny and gave it to him.

Later, I had an occasion to go into his office and there, taped on a piece of paper, were the two pennies. He said he was displaying them as his recognition for a job well done.

Other employees noticed the pennies proudly displayed and began asking why they hadn't received any. So I started handing out pennies, explaining that they were for recognition, not for reward. Soon, so many people wanted them that 1 designed a penny holder. The front features a place for a penny and beside it the phrase, "Your work is recognized!" The back has slots for 30 more pennies and the phrase, "Your achievements count!"

One time, I spotted an employee doing something right and wanted to recognize her, but I didn't have a penny, so I gave her a quarter. Later that same day she stopped by and returned 24 cents.

That's how the "Prestigious Penny Award" was born. It's become a significant source of recognition in our organization.

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How Much Knowledge has been assumed?


April 24th, 2010    by Landon

The material in First Things First, the beginners' course which precedes this one, has been designed to 'overlap' this course. Students who have completed if will have no difficulty whatever in continuing where they left off.

Students who have learnt English from other elementary courses and now wish to continue their studies with this course should have a fair working knowledge of the structures listed below. The list may look formidable, but close inspection will reveal that there is nothing in it that would not be found in the average elementary course. In any case, most of the knowledge that has been assumed is revised in the course itself.

It should be noted that a distinction has been drawn in the list between active and passive knowledge. A student has active command of a pattern if he can use it in speech or writing. He has passive command of a pattern if he tans understand it when he hears or reads it, but jess, as yet, incapable of using it. In the list below, this distinction is drawn by the following designations: ability to recognize and to form

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Give Me a Big Box of Chocolates


April 23rd, 2010    by Landon

John liked chocolates very much, but his mother never gave him any, because they were bad for his teeth1, she thought. But John had a very nice grandfather. The old man loved his grandson very much, and sometimes he brought John chocolates when he came to visit him. Then his mother let him eat them, because she wanted to make the old man happy2. ;

One evening, a few days before John's seventh birthday3, he was .saying his jjiaverB4 in his bedroom before he went to bed. "Please, God," he-shouted, "make them give me a big box of chocolates for my birthday5 on Saturday. "

His mother was in the kitchen, but she heard the small boy shouting6 and went into his bedroom quickly.

"Why are you shouting, John?" she asked her son. "God can hear you when you talk quietly.7"

"I know," answered the clever boy with a smile8, "but Grandfather's in the next room rand he can't.

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Uruguay leads World Cup qualifier


April 22nd, 2010    by Landon

Uruguay seized the lead in the South American Croupy Two quaking round for the World Cup Soccer with a narrow 3-2 win over lambda Sunday.

Colombia, who drew their first match against Peru two weeks j, played a strong defensive game which proved hard for the 'uguayan forwards to penetrate and stunned the fierce local fans by ding 2-1 up to the 79th minute.

But Morales scored two goals, the first from a penalty, to give •uguay the victory.

A free kick by Uruguayan star forward in the 20th minute Colombia to take the offensive and Sarmiento headed home an uglier in the 40th minute.

Uruguay started the second half looking nervous and a hian counterattack finished off by Herrera put the visiting team 2-ahead in die 57lh minute.

Morales convicted the penalty shot and the elated Uruguayar pressed hard in search of the winner. Morales got it with three minutes remaining.

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An unknown goddess


April 21st, 2010    by Landon

Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a 5 high level of civilization. Houses — often three storey’s high — were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth

B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue w among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find

that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

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Straddling Cultural Divides with Grace


April 20th, 2010    by Landon

Why is it that when you study a foreign language, you never learn the little phrases that let you slip into a culture without all your foreign edges exposed? Every Chinese-language textbook starts out with the standard phrase for greeting people; but as an American, I constantly found myself tongue-tied when it came to seeing guests offal the door. An abrupt goodbye would not do, yet that was all I had ever learned from the awful books. So I would smile and nod, bowing like a Japanese and groping frantically for words that would smooth over the visitors' leaving and make them feel they would be welcome to come again. In my fluster, I often hid behind (he skirts of my Chinese husband's graciousness.

Then finally, listening to others, I began lo pick up the phrases (hat eased relations and sent people off with a feeling of mission not only accomplished but surpassed.

Partings for the Chinese involve a certain amount of ritual and a great deal of one-upmanship1. Although I'm not expected to observe or even know all the rules, as a foreigner, I've had to learn the expressions of politeness and protest that accompany a leave-taking.

The Chinese feel they must see a guest off to the farthest feasible point — down flight of stairs to the street below or perhaps all the way to the nearest stop. I've sometimes waited half an hour or more for my husband to return from seeing a guest off, since he's gone to the bus stop and waited for the next bus to arrive.

For a less important or perhaps a younger guest, he may simply say, "I won't see you off, all right?" and of course the guest assures him that he would never think of putting him to the trouble of seeing him off. "Don't see me off! Don't see me off!".

That's all very well, but when I'm the guest being seen off, invariably my protests are to no avail, and my hostess or host, or both, insists on seeing me down the stairs and well on my way, with our going through the "Don't bother to see me off ritual at every landing. If I try to go fast to discourage them from following, they are simply put to the discomfort of having to fleet after me. Better to accept the inevitable. Besides, that's going against Chinese custom, because haste is to be avoided. What do you say when you part from someone? "Go slowly." Not farewell or Godspeed, but "Go slowly". To the Chinese it means "Take care" or "Watch your step" or some such caution, but translated literally it means "Go slow."2

That same "slow" is used in another polite expression^ used by the host at the end of a particularly bountiful and delicious meal to assure his guests what a poor and inadequate host he has been.

American and Chinese cultures are at polar opposites. An American hostess, complimented for her culinary skills, is likely to say, "Oh, I'm so glad you liked it. I cooked it especially for you." Not so a Chinese host or hostess (often the husband does the fancy cooking), who will instead apologize profusely for giving you "nothing" even slightly edible and for not showing you enough honor by providing proper dishes. The same rules hold true with regard to children. American parents speak proudly of their children's accomplishments, telling how Johnny made the school team or Jane made the honor roll4. Not so Chinese parents, whose children, even if at the top of their class in school, are always so "naughty", never studying, never listening to their ciders, and so forth.

The Chinese take pride in "modesty"; the Americans in "straightforwardness". Thai modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an American table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer, and the American hosts take a "no" to mean "no", whether it's the first, second, or third time.

Recently, a member of a delegation sent to China by a large American corporation complained to me about how the Chinese had asked them three times if they would be willing to modify some proposal, and each time the Americans had said "no" clearly and definitely. My friend was incensed that the Chinese had not taken their word the first time. I recognized the problem immediately and wondered why the Americans had not studied up on cultural differences before corning to China. It would have saved them a lot of perplexity and needless frustration in their negotiations. Once you've learned the signals and how to respond, life becomes infinitely easier. When guests come, I know I should immediately ask if they'd like a cup of tea. They will respond, "Please don't bother," which is my signal to fetch tea.

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